On the supply side, we document higher prices for books that center non-dominant social identities and fewer copies of these books in libraries that serve predominantly White communities. On the demand side, we show that people consume books that center their own identities. We then present analysis of the supply of, and demand for, books with different levels of representation to better understand the economic behavior that may contribute to these patterns. Over time, females are increasingly present but appear less often in text than in images, suggesting greater symbolic inclusion in pictures than substantive inclusion in stories. population, Black and Latinx people are underrepresented in these same books, while White males are overrepresented. Relative to their growing share of the U.S.
MAYA AND MIGUEL FUNDING SKIN
We find that more characters with darker skin color appear over time, but the most influential books persistently depict characters with lighter skin color, on average, than other books, even after conditioning on race we also find that children are depicted with lighter skin than adults on average. We introduce new artificial intelligence methods for systematically converting images into data and apply them, along with text analysis methods, to measure the representation of skin color, race, gender, and age in award winning children’s books widely read in homes, classrooms, and libraries over the last century. Transportation Economics in the 21st Centuryīooks shape how children learn about society and norms, in part through representation of different characters.Training Program in Aging and Health Economics.The Roybal Center for Behavior Change in Health.
Retirement and Disability Research Center.Measuring the Clinical and Economic Outcomes Associated with Delivery Systems.Improving Health Outcomes for an Aging Population.Early Indicators of Later Work Levels, Disease and Death.Conference on Research in Income and Wealth.Boosting Grant Applications from Faculty at MSIs.Productivity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship.International Finance and Macroeconomics.
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